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Pesticide bans might give us a buzz, but they won’t necessarily save the bees
Banning certain pesticides in Australia isn’t a panacea for bees.
Pesticide bans might give us a buzz, but they won’t necessarily save the bees
Associate Professor, Queensland University of Technology
Caroline Hauxwell collaborates with companies (including AgBiTech Australia) and the Australian cotton and grain industries to develop microbial alternatives to chemical insecticides and integrate them into farming systems.
provides funding as a member of The Conversation AU.
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in Australia to ban the sale of pesticides called
Ten years after the crisis, what is happening to the world's bees?
Neonicotinoids along with fipronil, another systemic insecticide that has also been
, are widely used in Australia on major crops such as maize, canola and cotton.
. Will banning theseinsecticides stop the decline of bees worldwide?
, including butterflies, moths and wild bees, in German nature reserves. This has prompted questions about the impact of large-scale intensive agriculture.
Colony collapse disorder, in which worker bees dramatically disappear from honey bee hives, increased hugely in the decade up to 2013, particularly in the United States and Europe. This caused international concern and led to a
However, there are no reports of colony collapse disorder in Australia, according to the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, which regulates the use of pesticides and
We don’t fully understand the causes of colony collapse in honey bees, but it appears that a likely culprit is the
and the lethal viruses it transmits. This parasite feeds on both larvae and adult bees, and has been blamed for
Explainer: Varroa mite, the tiny killer threatening Australia's bees
Australia’s honey bees, in contrast to the rest of the world, are still free of Varroa mites. A
of 1,240 hives across Australia found that deformed wing virus is also not present. The absence of both the mite and the viruses it carries may help to explain why colony collapse has not (yet) been observed in Australia.
While there is clear evidence of harm to bees from the use of neonicotinoids and fipronil, particularly from drift during application, their role as the direct cause of colony collapse is not proven.
And while they can be harmful, neonicotinoids are not necessarily the biggest chemical threat to bees. Perhaps surprisingly, fungicides appear to be at least as significant.
found that bees that eat pollen with high levels of fungicide are more likely to be infected with a pathogen called Nosema.
showed thatpresence of the fungicide chlorothalonil was the best predictor of incidence of Nosema in four declining species of bumblebees. What’s more, the toxicity of neonicotinoids to honey bees
This is not to say that Australian bees are safe, or that neonicotinoids are not harmful. Australia has an estimated 2,000 species native bee species, and studies suggest that the main impacts of neonicotinoids are on
rather than honey bees in hives. The combination of widescale use of multiple agrochemicals, loss of plant and habitat diversity, and climate change is a significant threat to both wild and domesticated bees.
And if the Varroa mite and the viruses it carries were to arrive on our shores, the impact on Australia’s honey bees could be catastrophic.
The EU insecticide ban left Europe’s farmers with few alternatives. Confidor Tablets
suggest that farmers have adapted by increasing the use of other insecticides, particularly synthetic pyrethroids, as well altering planting schedules to avoid pests, and increasing planting rates to compensate for losses. Most farmers reported an overall increase in crop losses, in costs of crop protection and in time needed to manage pests.
A ban on fipronil and neonicotinoids would create similarly significant problems for Australian farmers, increasingcosts and reducing the efficacy of crop protection. As in Europe, they would potentially increase use of synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates, many of which are even more harmful to bees and other insects.
Give bees a chance: the ancient art of beekeeping could save our honey (and us too)
Confidor Tablets
Further development of these sophisticated pest management strategies, with emphasis on the use of less harmful alternatives such as microbial and biological controls, offers a route to a more effective, long-term solution to the decline in insects and bee health.
A ban on neonicotinoids might give campaigners a buzz, but it might not save the bees.
This article was amended on March 13, 2018, to clarify that Australia has an estimated 2,000 species of native bees, not more than 5,000 as was initially reported.
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